Fuel oil Energy
Fuel oil is a fraction obtained from petroleum distillation, either as a distillate or a residue. Broadly speaking, fuel oil is any liquid petroleum product that is burned in a furnace or boiler for the generation of heat or used in an engine for the generation of power, except oils having a flash point of approximately 40 °C (104 °F) and oils burned in cotton or wool-wick burners. In this sense, diesel is a type of fuel oil. Fuel oil is made of long hydrocarbon chains, particularly alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatics. The term fuel oil is also used in a stricter sense to refer only to the heaviest commercial fuel that can be obtained from crude oil, heavier than gasoline and naphtha.
Oil is another fossil fuel. It was also formed more than 300 million years ago. Some scientists say that tiny diatoms are the source of oil. Diatoms are sea creatures the size of a pin head. They do one thing just like plants; they can convert sunlight directly into stored energy.
Oil has been used for more than 5,000-6,000 years. The ancient Sumerians, Assyrians and Babylonians used crude oil and asphalt ("pitch") collected from large seeps at Tuttul (modern-day Hit) on the Euphrates River. A seep is a place on the ground where the oil leaks up from below ground. The ancient Egyptians, used liquid oil as a medicine for wounds, and oil has been used in lamps to provide light.
The Dead Sea, near the modern Country of Israel, used to be called Lake Asphaltites. The word asphalt was derived is from that term because of the lumps of gooey petroleum that were washed up on the lake shores from underwater seeps.
In North America, Native Americans used blankets to skim oil off the surface of streams and lakes. They used oil as medicine and to make canoes water-proof. During the Revolutionary War, Native Americans taught George Washington's troops how to treat frostbite with oil.
Fossil fuel energy accounted for 86.3% of all world energy in 1990. The Energy Information Adminis-tration (EIA) of the U.S. Department of Energy estimates that in the year 2010, fossil fuels will account for 85.9% of all world energy consumption — only a 0.4% percentage decrease in usage (see fig at the top)
According to EIA estimates, coal is expected to decline slightly from about a 27% to about a 25% share of consumption, and consumption of natural gas is expected to increase from 21 to 24% over the 20- year period. Over the same period, oil is forecasted to continue to be world major energy source with only slight declines from the present 39% of consumption. Recent efforts in the United States have been to foster growth in natural gas usage as an energy source, causing an estimated growth of 2.3% per year. Total energy usage is expected to grow from 345.6 to 476.0 quadrillion Btu or a 38% growth in energy usage over 20 years.
Obtaining accurate estimates of world petroleum and natural gas resources and reserves is difficult and uncertain. Terminology used by industry to classify resources and reserves has no broadly accepted standard classification. Such classifications have been a source of controversy in the international oil and gas community. Confusion persists in regard to classification. This section uses information provided by the Department of Energy classification system. The next chart shows the relationship of resources
to reserves. Recoverable resources include discovered and undiscovered resources. Discovered resources are those resources that can be economically recovered (Figure 7.3.3). Discovered resources include all production already out of the ground and reserves. Reserves are further broken down into proved reserves and other reserves. Again, there are many different groups that classify reserves in different ways, such as measured, indicated, internal, probable, and possible. Most groups break reserves into producing and nonproducing categories. Each of the definitions is quite voluminous and the techniques for qualifying reserves vary globally.
Proved reserves are generally defined as: “Those volumes of oil and gas that geological and engineering data demonstrate with reasonable certainty to be recoverable in future years from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions.”
OPEC (the Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries) has been key in setting global fossil fuel prices over the last two decades. With very large reserves, OPEC can provide much of the world future needs for crude oil and petroleum products. About two-thirds of the world known petroleum reserves are located in the Middle East as shown in Table 7.3.7. Table 7.3.8 shows that the annual world crude oil production has steadily grown from 16.7 billion barrels in 1970 to 22 billion barrels in 1990.
Both crude oil demand and production are forecast to increase over the next 20 years. OPEC production is relatively level at 8.6 billion barrels in 1990 compared with 8.5 billion barrels in 1970. During the same time, non-OPEC production increased from 8.1 to 13.6 billion barrels. As the “swing producer”, OPEC’s production in 1980 increased by over 1 billion barrels when non-OPEC production could not meet total demand. They then decreased production by a similar amount in 1990 when production in the rest of the world increased by 1 billion to a non-OPEC total of 13.6 billion barrels. With a low price
environment, OPEC is expected to gain market share in global production over the next 20 years. Petroleum is refined into petroleum products that are used to meet individual product demands. The general classifications of products are
FINISHED PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
This category includes motor gasoline, aviation gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, distillate, fuel oil, residual fuel oil, petrochemical feed stock, naphthas, lubricants, waxes, petroleum coke, asphalt and road oil, and still gas.
Motor gasoline includes reformulated gasoline for vehicles and oxygenated gasoline such as gasohol (a mixture of gasoline and alcohol).
Jet fuel is classified by use such as industrial or military and naphtha and
kerosene-type. Naphtha fuels are used in turbo jet and turbo prop aircraft engines and excludes ram-jet and petroleum rocket fuel. kerosene is used for space heaters, cook stoves, wick lamps, and water heaters.
Distillate fuel oil is broken into subcategories: No. 1 distillate, No. 2 distillate, and No. 4 fuel oil which is used for commercial burners.
Petrochemical feedstock is used in the manufacture of chemicals, synthetic rubber, and plastics.
Naphthas are petroleums with an approximate boiling range of 122 to 400°F.
Lubricants are substances used to reduce friction between bearing surfaces, used as process materials, and as carriers of other materials. They are produced from distillates or residues. Lubricants are paraffinic or naphthenic and separated by viscosity measurement.
Waxes are solid or semisolid material derived from petroleum distillates or residues. They are typically a slightly greasy, light colored or translucent, crystallizing mass.
Asphalt and road oil. Asphalt is a cementlike material containing bitumens. Road oil is any heavy petroleum oil used as a dust pallatine and road surface treatment.
Still Gas is any refinery by-product gas. It consists of light gases of methane, ethane, ethylene, butane, propane, and the other associated gases. Still gas typically used as a refinery fuel.
Oil is another fossil fuel. It was also formed more than 300 million years ago. Some scientists say that tiny diatoms are the source of oil. Diatoms are sea creatures the size of a pin head. They do one thing just like plants; they can convert sunlight directly into stored energy.
Oil has been used for more than 5,000-6,000 years. The ancient Sumerians, Assyrians and Babylonians used crude oil and asphalt ("pitch") collected from large seeps at Tuttul (modern-day Hit) on the Euphrates River. A seep is a place on the ground where the oil leaks up from below ground. The ancient Egyptians, used liquid oil as a medicine for wounds, and oil has been used in lamps to provide light.
The Dead Sea, near the modern Country of Israel, used to be called Lake Asphaltites. The word asphalt was derived is from that term because of the lumps of gooey petroleum that were washed up on the lake shores from underwater seeps.
In North America, Native Americans used blankets to skim oil off the surface of streams and lakes. They used oil as medicine and to make canoes water-proof. During the Revolutionary War, Native Americans taught George Washington's troops how to treat frostbite with oil.
Fossil fuel energy accounted for 86.3% of all world energy in 1990. The Energy Information Adminis-tration (EIA) of the U.S. Department of Energy estimates that in the year 2010, fossil fuels will account for 85.9% of all world energy consumption — only a 0.4% percentage decrease in usage (see fig at the top)
According to EIA estimates, coal is expected to decline slightly from about a 27% to about a 25% share of consumption, and consumption of natural gas is expected to increase from 21 to 24% over the 20- year period. Over the same period, oil is forecasted to continue to be world major energy source with only slight declines from the present 39% of consumption. Recent efforts in the United States have been to foster growth in natural gas usage as an energy source, causing an estimated growth of 2.3% per year. Total energy usage is expected to grow from 345.6 to 476.0 quadrillion Btu or a 38% growth in energy usage over 20 years.
Obtaining accurate estimates of world petroleum and natural gas resources and reserves is difficult and uncertain. Terminology used by industry to classify resources and reserves has no broadly accepted standard classification. Such classifications have been a source of controversy in the international oil and gas community. Confusion persists in regard to classification. This section uses information provided by the Department of Energy classification system. The next chart shows the relationship of resources
to reserves. Recoverable resources include discovered and undiscovered resources. Discovered resources are those resources that can be economically recovered (Figure 7.3.3). Discovered resources include all production already out of the ground and reserves. Reserves are further broken down into proved reserves and other reserves. Again, there are many different groups that classify reserves in different ways, such as measured, indicated, internal, probable, and possible. Most groups break reserves into producing and nonproducing categories. Each of the definitions is quite voluminous and the techniques for qualifying reserves vary globally.
Proved reserves are generally defined as: “Those volumes of oil and gas that geological and engineering data demonstrate with reasonable certainty to be recoverable in future years from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions.”
OPEC (the Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries) has been key in setting global fossil fuel prices over the last two decades. With very large reserves, OPEC can provide much of the world future needs for crude oil and petroleum products. About two-thirds of the world known petroleum reserves are located in the Middle East as shown in Table 7.3.7. Table 7.3.8 shows that the annual world crude oil production has steadily grown from 16.7 billion barrels in 1970 to 22 billion barrels in 1990.
Both crude oil demand and production are forecast to increase over the next 20 years. OPEC production is relatively level at 8.6 billion barrels in 1990 compared with 8.5 billion barrels in 1970. During the same time, non-OPEC production increased from 8.1 to 13.6 billion barrels. As the “swing producer”, OPEC’s production in 1980 increased by over 1 billion barrels when non-OPEC production could not meet total demand. They then decreased production by a similar amount in 1990 when production in the rest of the world increased by 1 billion to a non-OPEC total of 13.6 billion barrels. With a low price
environment, OPEC is expected to gain market share in global production over the next 20 years. Petroleum is refined into petroleum products that are used to meet individual product demands. The general classifications of products are
FINISHED PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
This category includes motor gasoline, aviation gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, distillate, fuel oil, residual fuel oil, petrochemical feed stock, naphthas, lubricants, waxes, petroleum coke, asphalt and road oil, and still gas.
Motor gasoline includes reformulated gasoline for vehicles and oxygenated gasoline such as gasohol (a mixture of gasoline and alcohol).
Jet fuel is classified by use such as industrial or military and naphtha and
kerosene-type. Naphtha fuels are used in turbo jet and turbo prop aircraft engines and excludes ram-jet and petroleum rocket fuel. kerosene is used for space heaters, cook stoves, wick lamps, and water heaters.
Distillate fuel oil is broken into subcategories: No. 1 distillate, No. 2 distillate, and No. 4 fuel oil which is used for commercial burners.
Petrochemical feedstock is used in the manufacture of chemicals, synthetic rubber, and plastics.
Naphthas are petroleums with an approximate boiling range of 122 to 400°F.
Lubricants are substances used to reduce friction between bearing surfaces, used as process materials, and as carriers of other materials. They are produced from distillates or residues. Lubricants are paraffinic or naphthenic and separated by viscosity measurement.
Waxes are solid or semisolid material derived from petroleum distillates or residues. They are typically a slightly greasy, light colored or translucent, crystallizing mass.
Asphalt and road oil. Asphalt is a cementlike material containing bitumens. Road oil is any heavy petroleum oil used as a dust pallatine and road surface treatment.
Still Gas is any refinery by-product gas. It consists of light gases of methane, ethane, ethylene, butane, propane, and the other associated gases. Still gas typically used as a refinery fuel.
Labels: Fuel oil Energy
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